2003年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tyler's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
翻译题解：
61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为两段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)这是个主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting ...
2) the environment in which they live是先行词+定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
modify the environment in which they live 改变他们的生存环境
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从……
完整的译文：
61)而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
考点总结：1)不定式短语做定语；2)介词+定语从句；3)分词短语表示伴随状态。
62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
第二、句子的主干结构是：
主句+ which引导的定语从句+方式状语(in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner)+定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
Social science 社会科学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
systematic 系统的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象
完整的译文：
62)社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
考点总结：1)定语从句；2)方式状语；3)多重并列定语。
63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a crosscultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
2)主语后面带有on data gathered first-hand是主语的定语，combined with相当于and的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present是perspective的定语。其中past and present是cultures的定语。
第三、词的处理：
The emphasis翻译时词性转换成动词
data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料
combined with加上，(这个短语不影响主语的数的变化)
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角
this study这一研究
完整的译文：
63)强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
考点总结：1)带有多重修饰成分的简单句；2)过去分词短语做定语；3)复合宾语结构4)词性转换。
64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole / which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits / acquired by man as a member of society."
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是：Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole..."其中whole是“整体”的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。
2)which引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society是宾语的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Tylor人名，按照音译
defined culture as 将文化定义为
that complex whole 一个复合体
belief 信仰
morals 道德
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员
完整的译文：
64)泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
考点总结：1)定语从句；2)过去分词短语做定语；3)多重并列宾语。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是：主语+插入语(like the concept of) +系表结构(is an abstract concept) + which引导的定语从句
2) immense amounts of concrete research and understanding是动词makes的宾语，possible是状语前置。
第三、词的处理：
the anthropological concept of "culture,"人类学的“文化”概念
the concept of "set" in mathematics数学中“集”的概念
an abstract concept抽象概念
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究
完整的译文：
65)因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
考点总结：1)表示比较的插入语；2)定语从句；3)复合宾语；4)状语前置。
2002年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/02 16:48 聚焦考研
2002年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning values. Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
翻译题解：
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为两段：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是表语从句One difficulty is that...
2)almost all of what is called behavioral science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。第三、词的处理：continues to trace behavior to继续针对……研究行为
behavioral science 行为科学
states of mind 心态，意识状态
feelings 感情
traits of character 性格特点
完整的译文：
61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，部分是因为……
第三、词的处理：
the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目)
other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
完整的译文：
62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
第二、句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the selective role of...is only beginning to...每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。
第三、词的处理：
in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证
shaping 形成(造就)
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
完整的译文：
63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是两个并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to...
2)in which...是practices的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
They 它们(自由与尊严)，代词做主语
possessions 所有物
autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的
practices 实践活动
is held responsible for 对……负责
given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定
完整的译文：
64)自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with it...
2) and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.其中it指代前面主句的内容。
第三、词的处理：
until 如果不，直到
a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段
be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对
with it 随之；伴随着它
完整的译文：
65)(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
2001年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/03 17:18 聚焦考研
2001年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs comingsintosuse between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of manmachine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
翻译题解：
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...
2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
3)定语从句that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors，最后一个从句when they offend是定语从句中的状语从句。
第三、词的处理：
television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，重点词hosted 主持
cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车
disable them 使汽车失灵(停止运行)them和they指代汽车
offend 多义词(汽车)污染超标，违规
完整的译文：
71)届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, / computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, / relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是几个并列的简单句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived.
2)dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips做定语，computers的后置定语是介词短语with inbuilt personalities，personalities等于personality chips，宾语workmates rather than tools是并列结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理：
dolls equipped with personality chips 装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃
personality 个性，性格
computers with inbuilt personalities 个性内置的计算机
rather than 而不是
relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣
smelltelevision 气味电视机
digital age 数字化时代
完整的译文：
72)儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, / to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates / when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主句是简单句，to produce是结果状语。
2)calendar后面的that...是定语从句。
3)后面的when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语，译作的。
4)to take place作前面名词的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
完整的译文：
73)皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: /It will be the beginning of the long process of integration / that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是that..., is only the start of...系表结构
2) beginning后面有多重定语：两个of短语和一个that will ultimately lead to定语从句。
3)Pearson points out插入语，翻译时放在句首。
4)在the long process of integration结构中，integration前省略了定语man-machine，翻译时要补出。
5)lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。
第三、词的处理：
that 代词作主语，指代上文前面“的”
a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。
the start of manmachine integration 人机一体化的开始
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人
before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
完整的译文：
74)皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：And home appliances will also become so smart / that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout / of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
第二、句子主干结构是：so smart that...如此……以至于(从句)……
第三、词的处理：
home appliances 家用电器
smart 聪明，智能化
result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现
psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调)
kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气
完整的译文：
75)家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
聚焦考研
2000年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting themsintoseffect.
翻译题解：
71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...
2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。
3)specialized scientists后面的短语such as...是其定语。
第三、词的处理：
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
完整的译文：
71)在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主语和两个主语从句。
2)两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。
3)this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。
第三、词的处理：
Furthermore 再者，另外
it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率
in turn 反过来
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员
完整的译文：
72)再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, / people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"而"。
2)第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being...
3)第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。
4)for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。
第三、词的处理：
owing to 因为，由于
mass-communications 大众通讯
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求(要求，需要)
being exposed to 接触到，感受到
customs and ideas 习俗和思想
introduce 推出，采取，施行
innovations 革新，革新措施
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的译文：
73)由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a century, whereas...连词whereas "而"，表示对比。
2)破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。
3)因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、词的处理：
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
完整的译文：
74)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because of...简单句+ because of表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。
2) because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems
3)名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements
4) themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Additional social stresses 新的(额外的)社会压力
occur 出现，产生
population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸
arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于
mass migration movements 大量人口流动
migration 流动，迁移
modern means of transport 现代交通工具
means 工具，手段，途径
完整的译文：
75)由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
1999年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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1999年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
翻译题解：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as... as结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。
2)主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。
3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。
第三、词的处理：
While 虽然，尽管
definitions 定义，界定
modern practice 现代(补词：史学家的)实践
conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为
attempt 试图，尝试
to recreate 再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史)
events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实
完整的译文：
71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...
2)并列状语less through ...and more from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是……
3)challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣)
arisen 来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战
validity 真实性，正确性as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域)
internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧
完整的译文：
72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by...
2)过去分词短语designed to...作句子宾语methodologies的定语。
第三、词的处理：
transfer 转变
augmented 充实，补充
additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用来
interpret 阐释，解释，说明
the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在(补译：历史学家)研究历史时
完整的译文：
73)在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是存在句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。
2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。
3) the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语；the research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作定语。
第三、词的处理：
agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指……
the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques 研究手段
appropriate to 适用于，合适于
the various branches 各个领域
historical inquiry 历史探究
完整的译文：
74)所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...直译这既适应于……又适应于……引申为这既存在于……又存在于……
2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate... with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。
第三、词的处理：
It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是
specific techniques 具体方法
完整的译文：
75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
